2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）真题及答案解析
2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）真题 · 完整收录
- 年份考次
- 2012 年
- 命题归属
- 全国统一命题
- 省份
- 全国
- 题量
- 29 题
- 满分
- 100 分
- 限时
- 180 分钟
- 题型结构
- 完形填空 20 题 10 分 · 阅读 Part A 20 题 40 分 · 阅读 Part B 新题型 1 题 10 分 · 英译汉 5 题 10 分 · 写作 Part A 1 题 10 分 · 写作 Part B 1 题 20 分
- 收录格式
开始考试（微信）
微信扫一扫 · 小程序内开始考试
第 1 部分 · 完形填空1 题 · 10 分
参考答案与解析
答案：1-B 2-A 3-B 4-D 5-C 6-B 7-D 8-B 9-A 10-B 11-A 12-C 13-C 14-D 15-A 16-C 17-A 18-C 19-D 20-D
解析：1 空 定位空格所在句 → 分析句意（法院不能___其合法性） → 结合后文“法官像政客一样行事”的条件 → 选择表示“维持”的动词
2 空 定位空格所在句 → 分析前后分句逻辑关系（法院不能维持合法性 ___ 法官像政客一样行事） → 判断为时间/条件关系 → 选择when
3 空 定位空格所在句 → 分析句意（法官的行为___了法院独立公正的声誉） → 结合前文“Yet”转折及“appeared at political events”的负面例子 → 选择表示“削弱”的动词
4 空 定位空格所在句 → 分析句意（法院的判决更不可能被___为公正的裁决） → 结合前文“less likely”及“impartial judgments”的语境 → 选择表示“接受/认可”的动词
5 空 定位空格所在句 → 分析句意（法官不受道德准则的___） → 结合“by an ethics code”的被动结构及“bound by”固定搭配 → 选择表示“约束”的动词
6 空 定位空格后介词 'to' → 识别固定搭配 'be subject to' → 结合语境'遵守行为准则' → 得出答案
7 空 定位空格主语 'code of conduct' 与宾语 'the rest of the federal judiciary' → 识别动词需表达'适用于' → 辨析选项词义 → 得出答案
8 空 定位空格宾语 'the question' → 结合前文'类似案件'与后文'是否仍有界限' → 推断动词需表达'引发，提出' → 得出答案
9 空 定位空格前后 'between the court and politics' → 结合前文'法官行为像政客'与后文'制宪者设想法律独立于政治' → 推断需表达'界限，分界线' → 得出答案
10 空 定位空格前动词 'envisioned' → 识别固定搭配 'envision something as something' → 结合语境'法律独立于政治' → 得出答案
11 空 分析句子逻辑关系 → 判断前后句为因果关系 → 选择表示原因的连词
12 空 定位空格所在句 → 分析主语（法官行为）与宾语（法院声誉）的语义关系 → 选择表示负面冲击的动词
13 空 定位空格所在句 → 分析主语（法官）与宾语（权力者）的互动关系 → 选择表示批判/监督的动词
14 空 定位空格所在句 → 分析法律与政治的关系 → 选择表示紧密联系的动词
15 空 定位空格所在句 → 分析法律根植于社会什么 → 选择表示基本观念的名词
16 空 定位空格所在句 → 分析主语‘law’与宾语‘fundamental social ___ like liberty and property’的动宾关系 → 选择表示‘塑造、形成’的动词
17 空 定位空格所在句 → 分析主语‘decisions split along ideological lines’（按意识形态路线分裂的裁决）与宾语‘as unjust’（不公正）的被动关系 → 选择表示‘被看待、被认为’的动词
18 空 定位空格所在句 → 分析主语‘The justices’（大法官们）与宾语‘doubts about the court's legitimacy’（对法院合法性的质疑）的动宾关系 → 选择表示‘处理、应对’的动词
19 空 定位空格所在句 → 分析‘make themselves ___ to the code of conduct’（使自己______于行为准则）的固定搭配与语境 → 选择表示‘负责、有义务遵守’的形容词
20 空 定位空格所在句 → 分析前后分句‘rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics’与‘convincing as law’的逻辑关系 → 选择表示因果或结果的连接词
考点：动词辨析语境选词状语从句逻辑关系判断转折逻辑固定搭配固定搭配 be subject to近义词辨析状语从句逻辑关系动词搭配逻辑衔接词
译文：题干：最高法院法官的道德判断最近已成为一个重要问题。如果法官像政客一样行事，法院就无法___其作为法治守护者的合法性。正确项：维持
第 2 部分 · 阅读 Part A20 题 · 40 分
Come on – Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good—drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world. Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. "Dare to be different, please don't smoke!" pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers—teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
- A.a supplement to the social cure.
- B.a stimulus to group dynamics.
- C.an obstacle to social progress.
- D.a cause of undesirable behaviors.
参考答案与解析
答案：D
解析：定位首段对peer pressure的普遍认知描述 → 提取其导致的负面结果 → 同义替换为‘导致不良行为的原因’
考点：细节定位同义替换
译文：题干：根据第一段，同伴压力通常表现为____。正确项D：导致不良行为的原因。
- A.recruit professional advertisers.
- B.learn from advertisers' experience.
- C.stay away from commercial advertisers.
- D.recognize the limitations of advertisements.
参考答案与解析
答案：B
解析：定位Rosenberg对公共卫生倡导者的具体建议 → 提取‘take a page from advertisers’这一关键短语 → 同义替换为‘学习广告商的经验’
考点：细节定位习语理解同义替换
译文：题干：Rosenberg认为公共卫生倡导者应该____。正确项B：学习广告商的经验。
- A.adequately probe social and biological factors.
- B.effectively evade the flaws of the social cure.
- C.illustrate the functions of state funding.
- D.produce a long-lasting social effect.
参考答案与解析
答案：A
解析：定位作者对Rosenberg书籍的批评部分 → 提取‘not enough exploration of the social and biological factors’这一核心批评 → 同义替换为‘未能充分探究社会和生物因素’
考点：细节定位同义替换
译文：题干：在作者看来，Rosenberg的书未能____。正确项A：充分探究社会和生物因素。
- A.is harmful to our networks of friends.
- B.will mislead behavioral studies.
- C.occurs without our realizing it.
- D.can produce negative health habits.
参考答案与解析
答案：C
解析：定位第五段关于行为模仿的描述 → 提取‘unconsciously imitate’这一关键信息 → 同义替换为‘在未意识到的情况下发生’
考点：细节定位同义替换
译文：题干：第五段表明，我们对行为的模仿____。正确项C：在未意识到的情况下发生。
- A.harmful.
- B.desirable.
- C.profound.
- D.questionable.
参考答案与解析
答案：D
解析：定位最后一段作者对同伴压力效果的总结性评价 → 提取‘doesn't work very well for very long’及后续例证 → 推断作者认为其效果‘值得怀疑’
考点：推理判断观点态度
译文：题干：作者在最后一段暗示同伴压力的影响是____。正确项D：值得怀疑的。
A deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the state's strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It's a stunning move. The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subject to the Vermont legislature's approval. Then, too, the company went along. Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management – especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension. Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company's application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.
- A.condemning.
- B.reaffirming.
- C.dishonoring.
- D.securing.
参考答案与解析
答案：C
解析：定位短语所在句 → 分析上下文逻辑（'A deal is a deal—except... reneging on a commitment'） → 识别转折与否定含义 → 匹配同义词
考点：语境选词近义词辨析
译文：题干：短语“reneging on”（第1段第3行）最接近的含义是____。正确项C：dishonoring（违背，不遵守）
- A.obtain protection from Vermont regulators.
- B.seek favor from the federal legislature.
- C.acquire an extension of its business license.
- D.get permission to purchase a power plant.
参考答案与解析
答案：D
解析：定位2002年协议相关段落 → 提取协议作为收购条件的具体内容 → 匹配选项
考点：细节定位与捕捉
译文：题干：通过签订2002年协议，Entergy的意图是____。正确项D：get permission to purchase a power plant（获得购买发电厂的许可）
- A.managerial practices.
- B.technical innovativeness.
- C.financial goals.
- D.business vision.
参考答案与解析
答案：A
解析：定位第4段关于Entergy问题的描述 → 提取关键信息（'raised serious questions about... Entergy's management'） → 匹配选项
考点：细节定位与捕捉
译文：题干：根据第4段，Entergy似乎在____方面存在问题。正确项A：managerial practices（管理实践）
- A.Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises.
- B.the nature of states' patchwork regulations.
- C.the federal authority over nuclear issues.
- D.the limits of states' power over nuclear issues.
参考答案与解析
答案：D
解析：定位作者观点相关句（'legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend'） → 理解'powers'指代州的监管权 → 推断测试的是其限度
考点：推理判断细节定位与捕捉
译文：题干：在作者看来，佛蒙特州案将检验____。正确项D：the limits of states' power over nuclear issues（各州在核问题上的权力限度）
- A.Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected.
- B.the authority of the NRC will be defied.
- C.Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.
- D.Vermont's reputation might be damaged.
参考答案与解析
答案：A
解析：定位最后一段 → 分析作者对Entergy声誉的评论（'its reputation in Vermont is already in tatters'） → 推断其在其他地方的业务可能受影响
考点：推理判断
译文：题干：从最后一段可以推断出____。正确项A：Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected（Entergy在其他地方的业务可能受到影响）
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences. Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher's me, here, now becomes the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point. Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery. Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought." But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated. In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. "We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions of reason."
- A.uncertainty and complexity.
- B.misconception and deceptiveness.
- C.logicality and objectivity.
- D.systematicness and regularity.
参考答案与解析
答案：A
解析：定位首段关键句 → 提取描述发现过程的形容词 → 同义替换匹配选项
考点：细节定位同义替换
译文：题干：根据第一段，发现过程的特点是______。正确项：不确定性和复杂性。
- A.strict inspection.
- B.shared efforts.
- C.individual wisdom.
- D.persistent innovation.
参考答案与解析
答案：B
解析：定位第二段关于credibility process的描述 → 提炼其核心要求（集体审查与接受） → 同义替换匹配选项
考点：推理判断细节定位
译文：题干：从第二段可以推断，可信度过程需要______。正确项：共同的努力。
- A.has attracted the attention of the general public.
- B.has been examined by the scientific community.
- C.has received recognition from editors and reviewers.
- D.has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.
参考答案与解析
答案：B
解析：定位第三段关于发现声明变为可信的条件 → 提取“collective scrutiny and acceptance” → 同义替换匹配选项
考点：细节定位同义替换
译文：题干：第三段表明，一个发现在它______之后变得可信。正确项：经过科学界的审查。
- A.scientific claims will survive challenges.
- B.discoveries today inspire future research.
- C.efforts to make discoveries are justified.
- D.scientific work calls for a critical mind.
参考答案与解析
答案：D
解析：定位文中关于Albert Szent-Györgyi观点的描述 → 提炼其核心主张（科学工作应关注新搜索） → 推断其赞同的观点
考点：推理判断观点态度
译文：题干：阿尔伯特·圣捷尔吉最可能同意______。正确项：科学工作需要批判性思维。
- A.Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.
- B.Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.
- C.Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.
- D.Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.
参考答案与解析
答案：C
解析：通览全文结构 → 提炼核心主题（科学发现如何通过可信度过程转化为社区知识） → 匹配最全面概括的标题
考点：主旨大意篇章结构
译文：题干：以下哪项最适合作为本文标题？正确项：科学实践中的可信度演变。
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servants. When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private- sector ones are unionized. There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain's Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions. At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care. In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly "backloaded" public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but are bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.
- A.Teamsters still have a large body of members.
- B.Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.
- C.unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.
- D.the government has improved its relationship with unionists.
参考答案与解析
答案：C
解析：定位首段数据对比（1960年10% vs 现在36%；2009年公共部门工会人数超过私营部门）→ 推断工会在公共部门的成员规模扩大 → 得出答案
考点：数据对比趋势推断
译文：题干：从第一段可以得知____。正确项C：工会扩大了其公共部门的成员规模。
- A.Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.
- B.Education is required for public-sector union membership.
- C.Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.
- D.Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.
参考答案与解析
答案：D
解析：定位第二段首句（they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences）→ 同义替换为“行动很少惹上麻烦” → 得出答案
考点：细节定位同义替换
译文：题干：关于第二段，以下哪项是正确的？正确项D：公共部门工会因其行为很少惹上麻烦。
- A.illegally secured.
- B.indirectly augmented.
- C.excessively increased.
- D.fairly adjusted.
参考答案与解析
答案：B
解析：定位第四段关键句（keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions）→ 理解“backloaded”意为将收益从直接工资转移到福利等间接形式 → 得出答案
考点：细节定位熟词僻义/语境理解
译文：题干：从第四段可以得知，国有部门的收入是____。正确项B：间接增加的。
- A.often run against the current political system.
- B.can change people's political attitudes.
- C.may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.
- D.are dominant in the government.
参考答案与解析
答案：C
解析：定位威斯康星州例子（unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker）→ 结合前文“Reform has been vigorously opposed” → 推断工会是改革的障碍 → 得出答案
考点：例证推理上下文关联
译文：题干：威斯康星州工会的例子表明，工会____。正确项C：可能是公共部门改革的障碍。
- A.disapproval.
- B.appreciation.
- C.tolerance.
- D.indifference.
参考答案与解析
答案：A
解析：定位John Donahue的引言（a system that is...）→ 分析其用词（如“backloaded”、“generous”、“fought against”）及上下文对工会阻碍改革的描述 → 推断其态度为不赞成 → 得出答案
考点：观点态度推断用词情感色彩分析
译文：题干：John Donahue对公共部门制度的态度是____。正确项A：不赞成。
第 3 部分 · 阅读 Part B 新题型1 题 · 10 分
参考答案与解析
参考排列：
Not only did they develop such a device, but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day. / This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading – between passive consumption and active creation – whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine. / Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity. / One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium – television – and television is defined by downloading. / The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.
第 4 部分 · 英译汉5 题 · 10 分
参考答案与解析
参考译文
在物理学中,有一种研究路径把这种追求(科学)统一的冲动推向了极致,试图寻求一种万物之理——也就是能用一个方程式来解释我们所见到的一切现象。(47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seemsreasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.
参考答案与解析
参考译文
在社会科学领域,达尔文主义似乎为此提供了依据;因为如果所有人类都有共同的起源,那么似乎有理由认为,文化的多样性也可以追溯到为数更少(更为有限)的源头。(48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complexcultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
参考答案与解析
参考译文
把(文化现象中)独有的部分从共有的部分里筛选出来,或许能让我们理解:复杂的文化行为是如何产生的,以及从进化或认知的角度来看,是什么在引导着它。(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifyingtraits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to representbiases that result from cognitive constraints.
参考答案与解析
参考译文
由 Joshua Greenberg 提出的第二种尝试,采取了一种更注重经验观察的方法来研究语言的普遍性:它识别出(尤其在词序上)许多语言所共有的一些特征,而这些特征被认为代表了源自人类认知限制的某种(普遍)倾向。(50) Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of thefamily tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strongco-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.
参考答案与解析
参考译文
(按理论预期)乔姆斯基的(普遍)语法应当呈现出这样一些语言变化的模式:它们独立于(语言)谱系树以及在该谱系树中所追踪到的(演化)路径;而格林伯格(式)的语言普遍性则预言:在特定类型的词序关系之间存在着强烈的相互依赖关系。SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲8 句真题句逐层精讲下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.第2段,第3句主系表结构配合前置和后置定语、句首状语,属于四六级和考研阅读中的常见句式,具有一定代表性。但本句过于简单,缺少从句、复杂修饰或长难句特征,无法代表考试中更高频的复杂句型(如定语从句、状语从句或多重嵌套结构)。作为基础句型示例有一定典型性,但迁移价值中等。Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be consideredforms of sexual selection, perhaps the world's languages, music, social andreligious customs and even history are governed by universal features.第3段,第3句覆盖了主语(含长串并列)、谓语(被动语态和情态被动)、宾语补足语、方式状语、状语从句等多种成分,并列主语和被动结构都是易错点,适合训练成分识别和被动语态分析。Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider theevolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality inlanguage.第4段,第3句主谓宾加方式状语的简单句结构在四六级和考研阅读中较为常见,且句中主语带介词短语后置定语、状语中嵌套不定式定语的模式也属于典型学术写作句式,掌握后可迁移到类似长句的理解。但因无从句和复杂时态,代表性有限。The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggestedthat humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates auniversal grammar.第5段,第1句本句结构高度典型,包含被动语态、定语从句修饰人物、宾语从句表达观点、嵌套定语从句限定名词等常考句式,是四六级和考研阅读中学术观点陈述的标准范式,掌握后可大量迁移。A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamentalstructure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.第5段,第2句本句结构高度典型:非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句在学术英语中常见,表语从句嵌套在定语从句中体现了复杂句的常见组合方式。主句的 "be + 形容词 + 不定式" 结构、"which is why" 引出原因说明,都是四六级和考研真题中的高频句式,掌握后可大量复用The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach touniversality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by manylanguages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitiveconstraints.第6段,第1句句子结构高度典型:主句带伴随状语加两层定语从句(非限制性加限制性嵌套)是学术英语和考研真题中的常见句式,被动语态加不定式补足语、定语从句修饰抽象名词等都是高频考点。掌握此句式后可迁移到大量类似长难句,实用性强。Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that areindependent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereasGreenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particulartypes of word-order relations.第7段,第2句包含学术写作中高频出现的复合句结构:带定语从句的主句与由 whereas 引导的对比状语从句。这种句式常见于四六级和考研阅读,用于对比不同理论观点或研究结果。主句使用情态动词表达推论,状语从句陈述对立观点,是学术论证的典型句式,掌握后可广泛应用于理解同类文献Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that thestructures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.第7段,第3句本句体现了学术写作中常见的句式:被动语态陈述研究结果 + 现在分词短语引出推论性宾语从句,这种结构在考研和四六级阅读中频繁出现,具有较高的典型性和迁移价值。HIGH-FREQUENCY · 真题高频词本篇出现的 61 个考研英语一真题高频词下列单词既在本篇英文短文中出现,又是 考研英语一 历年真题的高频词(在该考试真题中出现的句子数均不少于 8)。每个词标注本篇 出现次数与该考试真题句频,点击可查看该词的释义、音标、词形与真题例句。universal B2 approach B1adj. 普遍的 v. 靠近,接近(在空间或时间上)本篇4 次 · 真题 10 句 本篇2 次 · 真题 51 句pattern B1 theory B1n. 模式 n. 理论本篇2 次 · 真题 47 句 本篇2 次 · 真题 39 句structure B1 cultural B1n. 结构 adj. 文化的本篇2 次 · 真题 36 句 本篇2 次 · 真题 32 句represent B1 colleague B1v. 代表 n. 同事本篇2 次 · 真题 25 句 本篇2 次 · 真题 23 句evolution B2 trait B2n. 进化 n. 特征本篇2 次 · 真题 22 句 本篇2 次 · 真题 13 句cognitive C1 would A1adj. 认知的 aux. (will 的过去式)将要,会本篇2 次 · 真题 8 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 304 句less A1 scientific B1det. 较少的 adj. 科学的本篇1 次 · 真题 150 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 83 句least A2 online A2det. 最少的 adj. 在线的本篇1 次 · 真题 63 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 63 句major B1 behavior B1adj. 主要的 n. 行为本篇1 次 · 真题 56 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 52 句publish B1 define B1v. 出版,发行(书籍、杂志等) v. 给......下定义本篇1 次 · 真题 52 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 46 句seek B1 identify B1v. 寻找 v. 识别本篇1 次 · 真题 40 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 37 句quickly A2 attempt B1adv. 快速地 v. 试图本篇1 次 · 真题 33 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 32 句particularly B2 complex B2adv. 尤其,特别(强调某事物) adj. 复杂的,难懂的本篇1 次 · 真题 32 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 31 句reality B1 feature B1n. 现实 n. 特征本篇1 次 · 真题 31 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 30 句type A2 particular B2n. 类型 adj. 特定的本篇1 次 · 真题 30 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 27 句capacity B2 analysis B2n. 容量 n. 分析本篇1 次 · 真题 26 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 24 句previous B1 track A2adj. 先前的 n. 小路本篇1 次 · 真题 24 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 24 句unique B2 principle B2adj. 独特的 n. 原则,准则本篇1 次 · 真题 24 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 23 句variety B1 origin B2n. 多样化 n. 起源本篇1 次 · 真题 22 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 20 句phenomenon B2 selection B1n. 现象 n. 挑选本篇1 次 · 真题 19 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 17 句enable B1 fundamental B2v. 使能够 adj. 基本的本篇1 次 · 真题 15 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 15 句religious B1 arise B2adj. 宗教的 v. 出现;产生;发生本篇1 次 · 真题 15 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 14 句bias B2 entire B1n. 偏见 adj. 整个的本篇1 次 · 真题 14 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 13 句guide A2 trace B2n. 指南;手册 v. 追踪;查找本篇1 次 · 真题 13 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 13 句diversity B2 beginning A1n. 多样性 n. 开始本篇1 次 · 真题 12 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 11 句characterize C1 evolutionary C1v. 是...的特征 adj. 进化的本篇1 次 · 真题 11 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 11 句extreme B2 reasonable B1adj. 极度的 adj. 合理的本篇1 次 · 真题 11 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 11 句host B1 motion B1n. 主人 n. 运动本篇1 次 · 真题 10 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 10 句sufficient B2 tendency B2adj. 足够的 n. 倾向本篇1 次 · 真题 10 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 10 句shared A2 universe B2adj. 共享的 n. 宇宙本篇1 次 · 真题 9 句 本篇1 次 · 真题 9 句ritual B2n. 仪式本篇1 次 · 真题 8 句VOCABULARY · 词汇难度分布英文短文 194 词按 CEFR 难度累积覆盖英文短文去重后共 194 个单词,按欧框 CEFR 等级统计。每根柱表示「该等级及以下」的累积占比(CDF),最右一柱为 100%。B2 以上(C1/C2)为高阶词,本篇共 20 个 ·约 10%。36% 51% 74% 90% 99% 100%A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2及以下 及以下 及以下 及以下 及以下 及以下每柱为「按 CEFR 等级及以下」的累积覆盖率(CDF)· 数据为英文短文去重词 194 个 · 末柱为 100%去重总词数 B2 以上难词 B1 及以下覆盖194 10 % 74 %考研英语一 2012年 · 全卷构成Section I 完形填空(四选一) 题目解析 →Section II Part A (1) 阅读理解(四选一) 题目解析 →Section II Part A (2) 阅读理解(四选一) 题目解析 →Section II Part A (3) 阅读理解(四选一) 题目解析 →Section II Part A (4) 阅读理解(四选一) 题目解析 →Section II Part B 选句填空(7选5) 题目解析 →Section II Part C 英译汉(划线句子翻译) 本题Section III Part A 写作 题目解析 →Section III Part B 写作 题目解析 →
第 5 部分 · 写作 Part A1 题 · 10 分
参考答案与解析
参考范文
Dear friends, On behalf of the Students' Union, I am writing to extend our warmest welcome to all of you. We are truly delighted that you have chosen to study at our university. To help you settle in quickly, I would like to offer a few suggestions. First, do visit the Academic Affairs Office early to plan your courses. Second, joining a student club is a great way to make friends and learn about local culture. Finally, whenever you meet any difficulty, please feel free to turn to us for help. We sincerely wish you a rewarding and memorable time here. Yours sincerely, Li Ming
第 6 部分 · 写作 Part B1 题 · 20 分
参考答案与解析
参考范文
As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, a bottle has been knocked over on the ground between two adults, with most of its liquid already spilled out. The man on the left, holding his forehead in dismay, sighs "It's all gone!", while the one on the right grins broadly and cheers "Luckily there is still a little left!" Simple as it is, the drawing conveys a thought-provoking message about attitude. Faced with exactly the same situation, the two men react in totally opposite ways: one is trapped in loss and frustration, whereas the other manages to notice what remains and stays hopeful. This tells us that it is not the circumstance itself but our attitude towards it that shapes how we feel. A positive mindset enables us to find opportunity in difficulty, while a negative one only magnifies our pain. In my view, we should learn to be the man on the right. Life inevitably brings setbacks and losses, yet complaining changes nothing. Therefore, whenever misfortune strikes, we had better focus on what is still left rather than what is gone, so that we can move forward with courage and hope.
常见问题
2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）真题的答案和解析在哪看？
答案与解析就在本页：每道题下方「参考答案与解析」展开即看，含参考答案、解题思路与考点，免登录直接阅读。
2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）真题 PDF 怎么免费下载？
本页「试卷封面」卡片「收录格式」行内的 PDF 徽标即下载链接，点击直接下载本卷 PDF 文件，无需登录。
这套卷怎么在线做题、怎么计分？
点页面上方「开始考试（网页）」进入在线做题页：登录后装载本卷作答，交卷自动判分并留存成绩；免费账号每日可装载 30 套，会员每日 100 套。